Interviewer: Joining me now in the studio is Curtis, who's a barista at the best coffee shop ever. Hello and welcome to the show, Curtis!

Curtis: Good morning.

Interviewer: So, Curtis, we’re talking about your café. What do you think really makes a good café or a good coffee shop?

Curtis: Well, number one is it has to be the employees themselves. People who run a café who are generally amicable really just make me want to come back, and I enjoy talking to them, and the setting of cafés also plays a huge part.

Interviewer: I agree with you. Do you have any good examples aside from your workplace? Do you go out for coffee?

Curtis: Definitely! I have some of my favorite cafés where local artists typically hang out, so they’re always getting involved with the community and helping people see what others in the community are into and doing every day. Sometimes I like cafés that host music or shows; that’s really cool for me.

Interviewer: I completely agree. I have another question for you: when you go to a café, do you actually go there for the coffee, or do you go there for something else and happen to buy a coffee?

Curtis: Sometimes it’s a bit of both. I’m a bit of a coffee addict, so I definitely go for the caffeine boost. But then again, I might see a café that looks appealing, with interesting decor or music, and think, “Oh, they have lots of board games.” I’d like to sit down, maybe find someone to play with, and then end up getting a cup of coffee.

Interviewer: For me, it’s often about wanting to sit down somewhere and read a book while getting out of the house. I’m looking for energy and people around me.

Curtis: That’s so true! I could never study in a library because it’s too quiet and I end up falling asleep. But in a coffee shop, there’s this buzz around you that helps me zone out, whether it’s people chatting or the sound of the blender making a special café iced mocha. Plus, there’s plenty of space to sprawl out with all of my belongings and either study or get lost in a book.

Interviewer: What about the atmosphere then?

Curtis: The atmosphere is essential for me. I think it plays a big role in my experience because when I’m reading, I want a really comfortable chair. However, when I’m studying, especially if I’m writing, I’d prefer a wooden chair and a table to work at.

Interviewer: Right.

Curtis: Also, when I study, it’s often not that much fun, so being in a café gives me the chance to maybe run into someone who can distract me.

Interviewer: Exactly, just a way to procrastinate!

Curtis: Exactly! There’s one more thing about coffee shops I’d like to mention. My favorite ones tend to be those with a unique style more than just being a regular shop. I love cafés that are true to a theme. For instance, my favorite coffee shop back home has a massive lawn and hosts karaoke on Sunday nights. You can just sit outside at a table and drink coffee without having to be classy or dress up; it really creates an atmosphere of just hanging out and enjoying summer, maybe even listening to music if they have a band playing on the lawn.

Interviewer: That sounds like a pretty nice place to me!

Curtis: Yeah, it really is!

Presenter: Hello and welcome! I’m Diane Rodgers, and I’m joined here today by Sam Davidson, an author of a popular podcast about teenage life. Hi, Sam!
Sam: Hello, Diane! It’s such an honor to be here today.
Presenter: First of all — how old are you, Sam?
Sam: I’ll be sixteen in two weeks.
Presenter: And how old is your podcast?
Sam: It’s almost three years old! I started it when I was thirteen. However, it only got popular a year or so ago. And last week it was in the top ten of all podcasts on the platform where I post new episodes!

Presenter: Wow! Congratulations, Sam, that’s very impressive. But let’s circle back to how it all started. What inspired you to create your own podcast?
Sam: Well, three years ago we just moved to this city. I used to live all the way across the country, and now I had to go to a new school in a completely different place. To be honest, I was feeling terribly lonely for the first few months here. So one day I got this idea that I could start talking about my experience living here as a teen, going to a new school, dealing with moving, things like that. Maybe there would be other kids like me who would feel less alone? Presenter: That’s understandable, for sure. Sam, if you don’t mind me asking — are things better now?
Sam: They surely are! Actually, right after I started my podcast, I also joined the science club in our school. All my best friends are there.
Presenter: Nice to hear! To return to the podcast — do you often listen to podcasts yourself? Any favourites?
Sam: It might sound funny but I don’t know any other podcasters at all! When I started recording my own stuff, I had very little understanding of the way things worked. I’d never listened to anyone else, so it was a complete improvisation. I just blabbered about things that were interesting or relevant for me. Now people regularly recommend different podcasts to me, but to be honest, I have no time for that. I wish I had, though.
Presenter: What is the most difficult thing about making a podcast?
Sam: I’d say finding a good topic. At first, however, I really struggled with technical stuff. I didn’t know how to edit audio properly, how to reduce noise — basically all things that are crucial for a good recording. It’s hard for me to listen to my old episodes now — the quality is really poor.
Presenter: What helped you to get better at this?
Sam: It was actually my friends from the science club, Danny and Vicky, who taught me a lot of tricks. Danny is great at sound effects, while Vicky is a genius editor. We do everything as a team now.
Presenter: Got it! So, about this problem with finding topics that you’ve mentioned earlier...
Sam: Right, so now the technical stuff is really easy, because I got help with that, but after three years it’s really hard to come up with a fresh idea for an episode. Sometimes it seems like we’ve done it all already, and I definitely don’t want the podcast to become repetitive.

Presenter: How do you deal with that?
Sam: Well, it’s different every time. Now that we have more listeners, we ask them what topics they would like to be covered. This is how we got an idea to do some episodes about the prom in our school, for example. My own prom is a year away, but I started talking about it on the podcast from time to time — how my classmates and I started preparing the concert, how we were looking for a dance teacher to rehearse the waltz with us, how we decided on a dress code. We actually haven’t decided that one yet, though — so many cool options to choose from! I hope this info will be helpful for future graduates.
Presenter: It sure sounds like that! Sam, thanks a lot for sharing all that with us. I hope you reach that first spot in the top ten soon!

Presenter: Hello, everybody, and welcome to our daily programme “Unraveling the Mysteries”. The study of early humans provides a captivating glimpse into our ancient past, helping us understand the origins and evolution of our species. To shed light on this fascinating field of research, today in our studio we have Dr. Richard Thompson, a distinguished anthropologist with a focus on early human history. Dr. Thompson is ready to share his insights, discoveries, and the ongoing quest to unravel the mysteries of our early ancestors. Good day, Dr. Thompson!

Dr. Thompson: I want to greet everybody in this studio!

Presenter: So, let’s start with the questions. What led you to specialize in the study of early humans, and what intrigues you the most about this field?

Dr. Thompson: My fascination with early humans began during my undergraduate studies in anthropology. The idea that we can trace our origins back thousands and even millions of years and uncover the story of our species intrigued me immensely. Early humans lived in vastly different environments and faced unique challenges, and studying their adaptations and cultural developments allows us to better understand the complex path that led to modern humanity. The opportunity to piece together fragments of our ancient past and contribute to our understanding of human origins is what drew me to specialize in this field.

Presenter: What are some of the most significant discoveries or insights you have made about early humans?

Dr. Thompson: Throughout my career, I have been fortunate to be involved in several significant discoveries that have shaped our understanding of early humans. One of the most notable findings was the identification of early hominid fossils in East Africa, providing crucial evidence of our ancestors’ presence in the region millions of years ago. Additionally, my research has revealed the complexities of early human migration patterns, as well as the development of tools and technologies that enabled our ancestors to adapt to different environments.

Presenter: What are some of the challenges anthropologists face when studying early humans, and how do you overcome them?

Dr. Thompson: There are several of them, primarily due to the limited evidence available and the vast timescales involved. Fossil records are often fragmentary, making it challenging to piece together a comprehensive picture of our ancestors’ lives. Additionally, interpreting ancient artifacts and behaviors requires careful analysis and contextual understanding. To overcome these challenges, anthropologists employ interdisciplinary approaches, combining archaeological, genetic, and comparative studies. Collaborations with experts in various fields help bridge gaps in knowledge and provide a better understanding of early humans. Furthermore, advancements in technology, such as improved dating methods and analytical techniques, aid in refining our understanding of early human evolution.

Presenter: What do you believe are some of the most significant contributions early humans have made to our modern society?

Dr. Thompson: Early humans have made numerous significant contributions that have shaped our modern society. One of the most profound is the development of tools and technology. Early humans were innovative problem solvers, creating and refining tools for hunting, cooking, and creating shelter. These early technological advancements laid the foundation for subsequent technological advancements throughout human history. Early humans also developed complex social structures and communication systems, laying the groundwork for the development of language, art, and culture.

Presenter: How does the study of early humans inform our understanding of contemporary human issues and challenges?

Dr. Thompson: Good question! The study of early humans provides valuable insights into contemporary human issues and challenges. By examining our ancestral past, we gain a deeper understanding of our evolutionary heritage and the traits that have shaped us as a species. This knowledge helps us comprehend the origins of human behaviors, such as cooperation, social dynamics, and cognitive abilities. It also highlights the importance of adaptability and resilience in the face of changing environments. Additionally, studying early human migrations and interactions informs our understanding of cultural diversity, ethnic identities, and global interconnectedness. Ultimately, the study of early humans provides a broader perspective on who we are as individuals and as a global community.

Presenter: Dr. Thompson, we can see that the study of early humans remains an ever-evolving field, offering glimpses into the past and illuminating the complex tapestry of our human existence. Thank you for coming to this studio and sharing your ideas!

Dr. Thompson: You’re always welcome!

Presenter: Hello, everybody, and welcome to our daily programme “Science Today”. Today in our studio we will delve into the world of Russian plants and their research, we have the pleasure of speaking with Dr. Elena Petrova, a renowned botanist who has dedicated her career to studying the flora of Russia. Dr. Petrova will share her experiences, insights, and the importance of understanding and preserving the unique plant life found in this diverse country. Good day, Elena!

Dr. Petrova: Good day, everybody!

Presenter: How did you become interested in botany, and what drew you to the study of Russian plants?

Dr. Petrova: My fascination with plants began during my childhood spent exploring the natural beauty of Russia’s countryside. The incredible diversity and sheer abundance of plant life captivated my curiosity. As I delved deeper into the world of botany, I realized that Russia, with its vast territory spanning various climate zones, harbours an extraordinary range of plant species. The opportunity to unravel the mysteries of these plants and contribute to their conservation motivated me to pursue a career in botany.

Presenter: Could you describe the research you have conducted on Russian plants?

Dr. Petrova: My research primarily focuses on the identification, classification, and ecological studies of Russian plants. I have travelled extensively across different regions of Russia, collecting plant specimens, documenting their characteristics, and studying their habitats. Through fieldwork and laboratory analysis, I aim to better understand the distribution patterns, adaptations, and interactions of various plant species in different ecosystems. Additionally, I collaborate with fellow botanists to compile comprehensive databases and conduct studies on plant conservation and the impact of climate change on Russian flora.

Presenter: What are some unique characteristics or adaptations of Russian plants that you have discovered?

Dr. Petrova: Russian plants exhibit remarkable adaptations to the diverse environmental conditions found throughout the country. In the taiga regions of Siberia, for example, coniferous trees like the Siberian fir and Siberian pine have adapted to survive harsh winters and nutrient-poor soils. They develop thick bark and needle-like leaves to minimize water loss and withstand cold temperatures. In the Arctic tundra, low-growing plants such as Arctic moss and Arctic poppy have adapted to the short growing season and extreme cold by hugging the ground and utilizing specialized mechanisms to absorb heat.

Presenter: Why is it important to study and preserve Russian plant species?

Dr. Petrova: The study and preservation of Russian plant species are of paramount importance for several reasons. First and foremost, these plants contribute to the biodiversity of our planet. Moreover, Russian plants have immense economic and cultural significance. Many plant species are used for traditional medicine, culinary purposes, and industrial applications. Preserving this botanical heritage ensures the continuity of these practices and the sustainable use of natural resources.

Presenter: What are some of the challenges you face in researching Russian plants, and how do you overcome them?

Dr. Petrova: There’s a set of challenges. The sheer size of Russia poses logistical difficulties. The vastness also means that there are still unexplored areas where new plant species may be waiting to be discovered. Additionally, the availability of funding and resources for botanical research can be limited.

Presenter: What excites you the most about the future of Russian plant research?

Dr. Petrova: The future of Russian plant research holds immense potential for exciting discoveries and new insights. Advancements in technology, such as DNA sequencing and remote sensing, are revolutionizing the way we study plants. These tools allow us to delve deeper into the genetic makeup, evolutionary history, and ecological roles of Russian plant species.

Presenter: What advice would you give to budding botanists interested in studying Russian plants?

Dr. Petrova: My advice is to explore different regions, observe plants in their natural habitats, and document your findings. Develop a strong scientific foundation to understand the complexities of plant life. Collaborate with fellow researchers and participate in field expeditions to gain hands-on experience. Most importantly, cultivate a passion for nature and a dedication to the conservation of plant species.

Presenter: Elena, our conversation is drawing to a close, it is evident that your dedication to studying Russian plants has shed light on the unique flora that thrives in this expansive country. I want to thank you and wish every success!

Dr. Petrova: Thank you for inviting me to this studio!

Presenter: Hello, everybody, and welcome to our daily programme “Stardom”. Stunt performers are the unsung heroes of the entertainment industry, risking life and limb to bring breathtaking action sequences to life on the big screen. To delve deeper into the exhilarating world of stunts, we had the privilege of sitting down with a seasoned stunt person, Sarah Mitchell, who graciously agreed to share her experiences, challenges, and the sheer thrill of her chosen profession today here, in our studio. Hello, Sarah.
Sarah: Hello, everybody! I’m really happy to be here.
Presenter: How did you become a stunt performer, and what drew you to this line of work?
Sarah: I’ve always been fascinated by action movies and the adrenaline rush that comes with performing daring feats. I initially pursued a career as a gymnast, which honed my physical abilities and fearlessness. As fate would have it, I met a stunt coordinator on a film set, and he saw potential in me. From that moment on, I dedicated myself to learning the craft and training rigorously.
Presenter: What does a typical day in the life of a stunt person look like?
Sarah: There’s rarely a “typical” day in this profession, as every project brings unique challenges. However, my routine often involves intense physical training, developing specific skills, and rehearsing. We also spend a significant amount of time researching and preparing, studying scripts, and collaborating with directors and coordinators to ensure safety and creativity go hand in hand.
Presenter: Could you shed some light on the preparation process for a stunt sequence?
Sarah: Absolutely! Before attempting any stunt, we engage in extensive training and rehearsals. This includes practicing various martial arts, acrobatics, wire work, and even studying the physics behind certain actions. Safety is paramount, so we always rely on a solid foundation of skills and countless hours of practice.
Presenter: What are some of the biggest challenges you face as a stunt performer?
Sarah: One of the most significant challenges is pushing past mental and physical limits. Stunt work can be grueling, and fear is a constant companion. We’re often required to execute high falls, engage in close combat, perform car chases, or even tackle fire stunts.
Presenter: Can you share a memorable moment or experience from your career?
Sarah: One of the most memorable moments was working on a major action film where I had the opportunity to perform a challenging motorcycle jump over a moving train. The complexity of the stunt, the precision required, and the rush of adrenaline were indescribable. It was a true test of my skills and a moment of triumph when I nailed it. These exhilarating moments make all the hard work and sacrifices worthwhile.
Presenter: How do you ensure safety while performing dangerous stunts?
Sarah: Safety is paramount in our profession. We work closely with stunt coordinators, who thoroughly plan and choreograph sequences with safety as the top priority. We also learn techniques to minimize risks and protect ourselves and others on set. Safety checks are conducted before each stunt, and we wear appropriate protective gear and use specialized equipment to mitigate potential hazards.
Presenter: What advice would you give to aspiring stunt performers?
Sarah: First and foremost, train rigorously in disciplines such as martial arts, gymnastics, and high falls. Building a strong foundation is essential. Seek out mentors and experienced stunt performers who can guide you and provide valuable insights. Always prioritize safety and never attempt stuntsbeyond your skill level. Finally, be persistent, as success in this field requires hard work, dedication, and a never-give-up attitude.
Presenter: Any final thoughts you’d like to share about your profession?
Sarah: Stunt work is a thrilling and rewarding profession, but it’s not without its challenges. I feel incredibly fortunate to be part of a talented and dedicated community of professionals who work tirelessly to bring magic to the silver screen.
Presenter: As our interview concluded, it became apparent that the life of a stunt person is an extraordinary blend of physical prowess, relentless training, and an unwavering commitment to safety. Sarah Mitchell’s passion for her craft shone through her words, and her experiences shed light on the incredible world of stunt performers who make movie magic come to life. Thank you, Sarah!

Presenter: Hello, everybody, and welcome to our daily programme “Journey to Stardom”. Korean pop music, or K-pop, has taken the world by storm with infectious melodies, captivating choreography, and charismatic performers. To gain insight into the world of K-pop idols and their path to Stardom, we are having the pleasure of interviewing Lisa Park, a talented idol from a renowned K-pop group. Lisa graciously agreed to share her experiences, challenges, and the transformative journey that led her to become a beloved figure in the industry. Hello, Lisa.

Lisa: Hi, everybody!

Presenter: How did your journey as a K-pop idol begin, and what inspired you to pursue this path?

Lisa: My journey as a K-pop idol began when I auditioned for a well- known entertainment agency during their global auditions. Growing up, I was deeply passionate about singing, dancing, and performing. I admired the energetic and captivating performances of K-pop idols and aspired to be part of that world. The vibrant music, dynamic choreography, and the ability to connect with people through music inspired me to pursue a career as a K-pop idol.

Presenter: Could you share your training experience and the challenges you faced along the way?

Lisa: After passing the audition, I began my training journey, which was both exciting and challenging. The training process was rigorous and demanding, encompassing vocal and dance lessons, language training, physical fitness, and overall personality development. I spent countless hours honing my skills, practicing choreography, and perfecting my vocal techniques. The competition within the agency was intense, as fellow trainees were also vying for debut opportunities. Additionally, the pressure to meet high industry standards and the need to constantly improve presented ongoing challenges. It required resilience, perseverance, and a strong support system to overcome these hurdles.

Presenter: Can you describe the emotions you felt when you debuted as a K-pop idol?

Lisa: Debuting as a K-pop idol was a dream come true and a culmination of years of hard work and dedication. The moment I stepped on stage for my debut performance, a mix of excitement, nervousness, and gratitude overwhelmed me. Seeing the fans’ enthusiastic response and feeling their support was incredibly rewarding. It was a moment of realization that I had embarked on a new chapter of my life, and I was determined to give my all and make a positive impact through my music and performances.

Presenter: It’s a fantastic feeling, isn’t it? How has your life changed since becoming a K-pop idol?

Lisa: Becoming a K-pop idol has brought about significant changes in my life. It has provided me with amazing opportunities to travel the world, meet diverse audiences, and connect with fans from different countries. The level of fame and recognition that comes with being a K-pop idol has opened doors to various collaborations and projects outside of music. However, it is important to acknowledge that fame also comes with its own set of challenges, such as privacy invasion and the pressure to maintain a certain image. Balancing personal life and public persona can be a constant juggling act. Nonetheless, the love and support from fans make every challenge worthwhile.

Presenter: Yes, they’re really very supportive. What advice would you give to aspiring K-pop idols?

Lisa: My advice to aspiring K-pop idols is to follow your passion relentlessly and embrace hard work and perseverance. Train diligently, continuously improve your skills, and never stop learning. Be open to feedback and constructive criticism as they can help you grow as an artist. Remember that the journey to becoming a K-pop idol may be challenging, but it is also immensely rewarding. Surround yourself with a supportive network of friends, family, and mentors who will lift you up during difficult times. Most importantly, stay true to yourself and cherish the joy that music brings to your life.

Presenter: Lisa, it became clear that the path to becoming a K-pop idol is a remarkable journey that requires unwavering dedication, talent, and resilience. Your story serves as an inspiration for aspiring idols, highlighting the transformative power of pursuing one’s passion and the impact that K-pop idols can have on people’s lives. Thank you for coming to this studio!

Lisa: I was glad to be here with you!

Presenter: Hello everyone, and welcome to our channel! Today I’m here with Susan Collins, a psychologist. Thanks for joining us, Dr. Collins! Dr. Collins: Good morning, Greg. I’m delighted to be your guest. Presenter: So... what we wanted to talk about today is motivation — what it is, where to find it and how not to lose it. Dr. Collins, how would you define motivation?

Dr. Collins: Oh, that’s a very popular concept nowadays but I’m afraid that people make it more difficult than it actually is. If we look at the dictionary, it’s quite simple — the enthusiasm for doing something. Presenter: That’s it?

Dr. Collins: Yes, it’s as easy as that. So, whether you’re playing a video game with a really strong desire to beat it, or maybe you’re reading a book where you eagerly want to find out how things ended — you do it because you have a motivation to do it. Some people go to the gym three times a week because they’re really enthusiastic about getting fit and health. Others study hard because they have a desire to get a certain profession, or enter a prestigious university — or just to get good grades.

Presenter: Ok, so you’re suggesting that motivation is about enthusiasm and desire to do things.

Dr. Collins: That’s right.

Presenter: But how about situations when we don’t have any enthusiasm or desire — but we still have to do something? For example, if a high-school student doesn’t want to study for a test, or a person knows that they have to go to the gym to stay fit but don’t really have a desire to do so?

Dr. Collins: I’m glad that you asked, Greg, because this is exactly where the problem lies. We often confuse motivation and discipline. When you are motivated to reach a goal, you will work towards it simply because you are interested. However, when you are disciplined, it means that you are able to work towards a goal no matter whether you have a desire to do it or not. Of course, it is great when you have both strong motivation and a sense of discipline. But what if you don’t?

Presenter: That’s what I was about to ask! Is it possible to become enthusiastic about doing unpleasant or boring things?

Dr. Collins: I’m quite skeptical about it. Of course, people can rely on external reasons to finish unpleasant things. For example, you can tell yourself — okay, I don’t really like this subject, but I want to have good grades for the university, so I have to try and do my best. As you see, the subject itself isn’t all of a sudden more interesting to you, but you remember the bigger picture — your end goal that you’re trying to achieve. I believe that a better strategy would be to work on your discipline.

Presenter: Do you have any tips?

Dr. Collins: Well, if we still use a boring but necessary subject as an example... Take a look at your schedule. When do you usually work on this subject? Do you leave it until the last minute because you hate it — so you’re already tired and unfocused when you start studying? Do you have a set time for how long you’re going to work on it or do you just open your textbook and procrastinate for two hours? Maybe you don’t have great results just because your studying process itself sets you out for failure.

Presenter: Wow, I haven’t really thought about that. So, what do you suggest — changing your schedule?

Dr. Collins: Exactly. Try to set a strict timeline for your activities and never, ever do anything longer than the time that you’ve given yourself. You didn’t finish in forty-five minutes? Too bad — you have to switch to another activity or relax now!

Presenter: But what if you miss your school deadlines like this?

Dr. Collins: The trick is you need to teach your brain that some things should only be done at a certain time. I guarantee you that soon you will feel much more focused and productive specifically during these forty-five minutes that you set out for the difficult subject — simply because you know that you won’t have any time later, and also because you’ll be looking forward to finishing it soon!

Presenter: Thank you, Dr. Collins! You definitely gave us some food for thought.

Interviewer: Dennis, the voice of Dr. Hook, welcome to Radio City 2 today!

Dennis: Good. It’s been a long time since I’ve been the voice of Dr. Hook, though!

Interviewer: Does, does it really seem that long ago?

Dennis: You know, it’s one of those things, like anything else, it, sometimes it seems like it was yesterday, but if I really take a deep breath and think about it, the farewell tour was in 1985, so that was quite a while ago!

Interviewer: If you actually, I think sometimes you actually probably have to pinch yourself because the statistics of this are amazing. You were the recipient of over 60 gold and platinum albums, gaining number one in the charts in 42 different countries. It’s just craziness, isn’t it? Do you ever have to sort of stop and pinch yourself sometimes?

Dennis: No, you know why I don’t, because that all happened like in sequence and it just kind of happens, you know what I mean, it’s not until it’s all over and you look back on it, and you think, wow! You know when I really realize that? When somebody like you introduces me.

Interviewer: So when you were in your height of fame, in Dr. Hook, did you never, did none of you guys ever think, ‘Do you know what, we’re massive? Was it just sort of, like, the eye of the storm, as it were? You were just in there and everything else was going on.

Dennis: Yeah, you know what it is? Every time you had a hit record, you’d think, now we have to have another one, you know what I mean? Everything you do makes you think about the next thing you need to do, and so you don’t really stop, you know.

Interviewer: Now, your voice is instantly recognizable. When did you first discover you had this talent to sing?

Dennis: I always liked music when I was a kid, and my mom was very young. My mom was 19 years old when I was born. So, in some ways, she was still a kid herself, and she had very young friends, and she listened to a lot of music and she loved singers. She loved all the great voices back then, and so I grew up listening to a lot of really good voices. But, so I was always a fan, but it wasn’t until The Beatles, and all the groups started coming to America, that I thought, maybe I should do this.

Interviewer: Now, you’re a massive fan of The Beatles, is that right? You’re a huge fan.

Dennis: Huge fan. I mean, a lot, the music was wonderful, the band was wonderful. It just changed the face of show business and the music business. It was really the thing that opened my eyes, this is something that I should be involved in.

Interviewer: Now, the song-writing in Dr. Hook, how did that work? Tell me about the dynamics of that.

Dennis: My song-writing works the same way it worked then, the same way it works now — if I get an idea, I write something. I get this thing and it hits me and I write the song in 30 minutes, you know, and then sometimes I deliberate over, I mean, on my last album that just came out, “Post Cool”, all the songs on there I could tell you why I wrote every single song. So in some ways I guess it’s autobiographical, as I tend to write things that mean something to me. I don’t tend to make a story up as much as I might embellish it or change it a little, but the root of it usually comes from something solid.

Interviewer: I’ve always wondered this: do you write the lyrics first or do you write the music?

Dennis: You know, it’s better when it comes at the same time, because if I write a lyric, I struggle over a melody because the lyric and how it scans is really important to me. It’s usually the rhythm of the whole song, and so I always want the melody to fit exactly, I don’t like to start changing the words, to bend it for another melody. So, it’s better when it happens at the same time. But if I only had to get one, I think I would rather just get the words, ‘cause you know what you’ve got when you have the words, you know. These days, I tour a lot, sometimes I have a band — I did last year — but this year I’m touring by myself, it’s just me and a guitar, and when you do it that way, you wanna have songs that say something.

Interviewer: Dennis, the best of luck with your tour. Thank you!

Dennis: Thanks very much!

Interviewer: Hi, everyone! With us in the studio today is Jeff, a good friend of mine, to tell the truth, who is here to tell us about his experience of doing odd jobs. Hello, Jeff!

Jeff: Good afternoon, everyone!

Interviewer: OK, Jeff, we’re talking about odd jobs. Good jobs, bad jobs, strange jobs we’ve done. What’s an odd job you’ve had, Jeff?

Jeff: Betty, one of my oddest odd jobs might be was when I was backpacking through Europe after university. I ran out of money in Israel and there’s an organization called Kibutz, where it’s communal living and you can do a job and they give you your room and board. They don’t pay you money but they give you food and lodging and a good experience of living with the Israelis, so I worked on a fish pond. And it means raising fish, growing fish that they are going to sell in the supermarket. And so what that entails was I got up in the morning and we fed the fish.

Interviewer: How interesting! What exactly did you do?

Jeff: You have a machine that puts fish food, fish pellets into the lake, into the fish pond and then you’d have to clean up the fish pond, and you’d have to make some calls to the markets, to the supermarkets and find out who wanted what, when they needed it and make sure that your system, your fish could be ready when they needed it and it was beautiful because it was working with nature sort of out in the Israeli countryside and it was sunny and warm every day. You were working with other good quality guys, so it was good. It was an interesting job, very odd, odd job, and it was a good experience as well.

Interviewer: OK, now Jeff, I’ve known you for a long time. You are a very resourceful person. You always have these crazy jobs, and recently you had one at a hospital, but you weren’t a doctor. Could you, please, describe your job?

Jeff: Betty, it was a pharmaceutical company clinic that I was working at and it was, I was a guinea pig, a medical guinea pig which means that a new drug that is being introduced into a foreign country must be tested on an individual before it can be sold on the open market, so I’m a guinea pig. It's tested on me, and once the results come back and everything is OK then it is sold to the public.

Interviewer: So, when you say you were a guinea pig, like, what did they do to you every day, or what was your routine?

Jeff: Well, let me qualify that it’s not a good work. You can’t really make a living at it and bring up children but it pays very well. It’s very lucrative so that’s one of the enticements for doing this kind of work but it’s just, your day is you get up, you are administered the drug, for example, a flu medicine and then you remain in the clinic all day long and you read and write. You have the freedom to do whatever you like, but it’s very monitored so you can’t leave the clinic but you can do whatever you like to do in the clinic.

Interviewer: OK, so you’re in the clinic and what would a daily routine be? What do you do? Do you get up and exercise or what?

Jeff: A daily routine varies between individuals, so with me there were twelve on the study, twelve young men, and some of the guys would get up late and sleep until noon. Well, they would get up for breakfast. You have to have breakfast at seven a.m. and what you eat is monitored and then you eat lunch at noon and you eat your dinner at six. In between a lot of the guys read or watched movies or played video games. I used my time by doing yoga, reading, doing work, studying Japanese. I tried to use my time a little bit constructively, whereas some of the other guys sort of just used it as a vacation.

Interviewer: OK, so you’re in the clinic for a week or whatever. So when you get out from being sequestered in there, what is the first thing you do?

Jeff: The first thing I did when I got out of the clinic was having a nice meal because the food in the clinic wasn't very good.

Interviewer: Alright, Jeff. Thank you for sharing that.

Presenter: Hello, and welcome to our show! Our guest today is Jerry Smith, a renowned cybersecurity expert. Hello, Jerry!

Jerry: Hello, Isabel! Thanks for inviting me.

Presenter: So, Jerry, there is this popular opinion that nowadays, cybercrime is more widespread than it has ever been. Would you agree?

Jerry: Oh, not necessarily, to be honest. Of course, the numbers are on the rise, and the criminals are becoming more creative. At the same time, there is this really positive tendency that people are also becoming much more aware of the ways in which they can be scammed.

Presenter: You mean people are better educated about cybercrime now?

Jerry: Yes, I would say so.

Presenter: Can you provide any examples?

Jerry: Well, most people I’m speaking to are well aware that you shouldn’t click on suspicious links, that you should only install software from trusted sources... In general, the population is much more aware that you should never share your personal data with anybody — card details, passwords, login information should be for you and you only.

Presenter: That does sound promising! What are some areas of cyber safety with which people are still struggling?

Jerry: Oh, passwords. Definitely the passwords. Pretty much everyone I’m consulting reveals that they have the same password for everything — from their online bank accounts to their social media. This is so, so dangerous.

Presenter: What is the reason for that?

Jerry: Well, mostly it’s just that people are afraid of forgetting their passwords. Everyone knows how much trouble it would be to forget it at an important moment, and it’s so often said that you shouldn’t write your passwords down... Even though this is an important recommendation, it ends up backfiring a bit.

Presenter: Alright, so what is it that you’re suggesting?

Jerry: First of all, you must have two-factor authentication. This is non-negotiable — not just a password, but also a text message to your phone number. Second of all, create stronger passwords...

Presenter: ...and don’t write them down, right?

Jerry: I would say that you can write them down, but only if you’re one hundred percent sure that no one else will have access to this piece of paper. I’ve seen so many clients write all their passwords on a sticky note that they put on their monitor — at work! Please don’t do that. If you have older relatives with this habit, teach them not to do that, either.

Presenter: I’m glad that you’ve mentioned people from older generations.

Jerry: I’d say you should help them. Please don’t roll your eyes at your mom or a grandparent if they ask you for help with the same thing for the hundredth time. If they don’t want to annoy you, they are more likely to look for info on the Internet — or ask people who won’t give good advice. Your guidance and support will be much more valuable and effective.

Presenter: I completely agree! Are there any other vulnerable groups of Internet users who are more likely to become victims of crime?

Jerry: Kids and teenagers, I would say. Unfortunately, even though they basically grew up surrounded with all kinds of gadgets and are much more tech-savvy than we were in their age, they are still easy targets for criminals.

Presenter: Could you give a specific example?

Jerry: The most obvious one would be phishing — it’s when the criminal pretends to be someone else, let’s say, he writes to a teenage boy pretending to be a teenage girl. They become friends, and then the kid is manipulated into sharing some private information about himself or his parents. He might be convinced to send the criminal money — for example, the fake ‘girl’ would complain that she is in some kind of trouble.

Presenter: Yes, sounds really concerning. Again, what would you recommend to avoid this situation?

Jerry: As a rule, just never trust strangers online. You never know who is on the other side of the screen. Don’t add any random people to your friend list on social media, don’t reply to messages where a stranger is trying to chat you up. Also, don’t be afraid to tell the adults if you feel like someone is trying to scam you online. Absolutely talk to your parents or teachers — even if you are already in trouble, they should still be aware of the situation and help you.

Presenter: That was an incredibly informative conversation, Jerry! Thank you for joining us today.

Presenter: Hello, everybody, and welcome to our daily programme “Harmonious Music”. Conducting an orchestra is an art that requires not only musical expertise but also exceptional leadership skills. To gain insights into the world of conductors and the challenges they face, we have the privilege of interviewing Maestro James Anderson, an accomplished conductor with years of experience. Maestro Anderson, thank you for coming here!
Maestro Anderson: Good afternoon!
Presenter: How did you become a conductor, and what drew you to this profession?
Maestro Anderson: My journey as a conductor began during my early years as a musician. As I developed my skills as a musician, I realized that conducting allowed me to connect with the music on a deeper level and share that connection with both the musicians and the audience.
Presenter: Could you describe the role of a conductor and the responsibilities that come with it?
Maestro Anderson: The role of a conductor is multifaceted and extends beyond simply keeping time. As a conductor, my primary responsibility is to interpret the music and bring the composer’s vision to life. This involves studying the score, understanding the historical context, and making artistic decisions regarding tempos, dynamics, and phrasing. During rehearsals and performances, I guide the musicians, using gestures, facial expressions, and body language to communicate. Additionally, a conductor serves as a leader of the orchestra.
Presenter: What are some of the unique challenges that conductors face, and how do you navigate them?
Maestro Anderson: Conducting presents a set of unique challenges requiring a combination of technical, artistic, and interpersonal skills. One challenge is the need for deep musical knowledge and the ability to study and interpret complex scores. Each piece of music requires a thorough understanding of the composer’s intentions and the historical context. Another challenge is the effective communication and coordination of a large group of musicians. Balancing the various sections, maintaining unity, and ensuring precise timing require clear and efficient communication. Additionally, managing the diverse personalities and egos within an orchestra can be demanding. Building relationships, earning trust, and fostering a collaborative environment are crucial in navigating these challenges successfully.
Presenter: Yes, it’s a really complicated job. How do you prepare for a performance, and what is your approach to conducting?
Maestro Anderson: Preparation is key to a successful performance. It begins with studying the score extensively, analyzing the composer’s intent, and formulating a personal interpretation. I also research the historical context, exploring the cultural influences and the composer’s background. Rehearsals play a vital role in bringing the music to life. I work closely with the musicians, guiding them through the nuances of the music, refining their technique, and encouraging expressive performances. Collaboration and open communication are fundamental to my approach. I strive to create an environment where the musicians feel empowered to contribute their ideas and insights, fostering a shared ownership of the performance.
Presenter: How do you handle unexpected situations or mistakes during a performance?
Maestro Anderson: Live performances are dynamic, and unexpected situations can arise. It is crucial to remain calm and adaptable when facing challenges. If a mistake occurs, I focus on maintaining the flow and energy of the performance, making subtle adjustments to accommodate the situation without distracting the musicians or the audience. Nonverbal cues and quick thinking help in guiding the musicians through unexpected turns. Clear and confident leadership can instill a sense of trust in the orchestra, allowing them to navigate unforeseen circumstances with grace and professionalism.
Presenter: What advice would you give to aspiring conductors?
Maestro Anderson: My advice to aspiring conductors is to immerse themselves in music from diverse genres and eras. Develop a broad understanding of different composers, styles, and historical contexts. Study scores extensively, attending live performances whenever possible. Seek opportunities to observe and assist experienced conductors, learning from their expertise. It is essential to develop your leadership and communication skills, as conducting is not only about musicality but also about inspiring and guiding a group of musicians. Most importantly, never stop learning and growing. Embrace constructive feedback, be open to new ideas, and continuously strive for artistic excellence.
Presenter: It is evident that conducting is a dynamic and demanding profession that requires a deep understanding of music, exceptional leadership abilities, and the ability to navigate complex challenges. Maestro James Anderson, thank you for this interview!
Maestro Anderson: I’ve been glad to be here and share my views with your audience!

Interviewer: Joining me now in the studio is Professor Mike Burton, who's a professor of psychology. Hello, and welcome to the studio, Professor.

Mike: Good morning!

Interviewer: Now, how important is facial expression when we come to communication?

Mike: Well, of course, it's terribly important. Faces actually carry all kinds of information, more than you might just think if you first think about it. So, from somebody’s face, you can tell who they are — that’s something that’s terribly important, of course. You can also tell, roughly, what emotion they’re feeling from their expression and it doesn’t really matter if you know the person or not, you can tell if they’re angry or if they’re happy, so that’s another piece of information. And a third piece is what they’re saying, most people who have a good view of a face actually use lip-reading a lot more than the rest. So, there’s all these different sorts of information that come from faces that we pick up all the time to help us with our communication, and it’s only when you sort of lose one of these you notice that you're in a bit of trouble.

Interviewer: How much of this is actually kind of genetic and stamped on us from birth?

Mike: Well, what seems to be very clear is that there is a mechanism for noticing faces. Our visual systems are set up to look for them. For example, if you’re born and brought up in Japan, you will have a sensitivity to the variations amongst Japanese faces. If you’re born and brought up in Scotland, you’ll have sensitivity to those variations, and, actually, you’ll be worse on the opposite sorts of face. So, I think that what is there from birth is something rather basic, to look for faces, but it doesn’t allow you to get the subtleties. The subtleties come later.

Interviewer: So, a lot of it is learned behaviour?

Mike: Yes. Now, when it comes to emotions, which is, where you started, there certainly do seem to be some emotions that are just universal. Everybody has them. These I call the big five emotions: happiness, anger and so forth. But the more subtle things certainly are learned and they’re more cultural. So, if we go back to the Japanese case, Japanese people use certain sorts of smiling for politeness, but it's not the smiling that one would get for spontaneous laughter, for example. So, again, the story seems to be that what we've got, all of us, all humanity has got, is the basics and then we refine it and make it more subtle, according to our cultures and our upbringing.

Interviewer: Now, taking it to a kind of closer. Personally speaking, I have central-vision problems. Now, I’ve noticed over the years that my hearing’s fine, but when I’m in a crowded place or quite loud, or in a place with bad light, I seem not to be able to hear what people are saying.

Mike: That’s such an interesting observation and it is completely born out by research over many years. You know, people with perfect vision use lip-reading all the time, and they don't know that they do it. If you can see a person, you get much more of the content of their speech than if you can’t, and people have indeed found that noisy environments, allowing people, for example, videoconferencing, give them much better comprehension than telephony. Now, in your situation, you just cannot resolve the person’s lip movements because you can’t see them, you are inevitably going to suffer some loss in what sounds like hearing, but it actually, it’s the full comprehension of the sentence. So, yes, I’m afraid this is a well-documented phenomenon, well known.

Interviewer: How can you compensate for this, would you think, in a conversation?

Mike: Well, one of the things that psychologists have learned is that the different parts of information in a face are processed in rather different ways. So, for example, it’s possible to lose the ability to recognize who somebody is through some brain damage, but still, nevertheless, retain the ability to recognize an emotional expression or read lips, and you can lose these things independently. So, a smile is a good example, that’s by far the easiest thing to see. It makes the biggest effect on the actual physical face, it’s a thing that you can see in noisy environments quickest, it’s very easy. So, one can imagine accentuating that, as, as the person communicating with a partially sighted observer, for example.

Interviewer: Professor Mike Burton, it's been a fascinating conversation. Thank you for joining us here.

Interviewer: Joining me now in the studio is Todd Miller, who’s a blogger and traveller. Hello and welcome to the show, Todd.

Todd: Good morning.

Interviewer: So Todd, we’re talking about your travels and living in different cities, and you have a concept you call “slow travel”. Can you explain what slow travel is?

Todd: Yeah, I mean especially maybe because I’m a blogger, we’re always seeking to define things in unique ways. And there are a lot of terms out there. There’s an expat: people that have left their native places. There’s a backpacker, which is someone who tries to keep their cost very low and they’re continually moving from place to place. There’s a flash packer, which is a term that means you still have income from somewhere and you have more technologies, and you stay at maybe nicer hotels.

Interviewer: Yes, and how do you define yourself?

Todd: What I did was always a little bit different. So I would go and get a house or an apartment in a place for anywhere from one to six months, and enjoy what it feels like to actually live somewhere. And that to me is so exciting, you know. Although the sights and everything are cool, and hanging out with tourists can be fun, I much prefer to go down to the local café, open up my laptop, talk to the people that are working there, and really get a sense for what it’s like to live in a city.

Interviewer: I think, Todd, it’s tourism.

Todd: Somehow it is. But you stay in a place much longer in comparison with usual tourism. And over the time, you really develop a deep connection with the places that you live in. You might hire people there. You have really good friends there. One of the downsides of being a tourist is that you never really can develop friendships. And so what I found is that I go back to revisit a lot of the places that I once lived because I have lifelong friendships there.

Interviewer: It’s really interesting. Your ideas about friendship are exciting.

Todd: So that to me has really been the benefit of slow travel and I have a theory about friendship. I think, you know, really, you can't go to a place for just one month. People won’t invest their time in you. So if at least you’re going to stay in a place for three to four months, I think that's sort of the turning point with a lot of people and they’ll say, “Hey, yeah, you know what, let’s go try to be friends. Let’s go out and do something together.”

Interviewer: So, Todd, you’re talking about slow travel and you’re saying that basically you go and just live in a place. And I think a lot of people would be really hesitant to do that. I mean, that sounds exciting but it’s like a really big step. How would you convince somebody to do this type of lifestyle?

Todd: Well, the first thing is to get connected on the blogosphere with a lot of other people who are doing it because I think that once you see other people doing it, the mystery comes away and you realize — hey, this is something that I can do. This is achievable for me. So I call that, like, a precedent case analysis. If you can see some other guys doing it and you can relate with them, not such a big deal anymore.

Interviewer: I see.

Todd: The next thing is, like, I always try to go somewhere where I have a project. I think it’s a great way to really get engaged because it’s so easy just to go to a place, get a short-term apartment, and then go to some café, and then that could just be your life.

Interviewer: Where did you go last time?

Todd: My last location was Kazan in Russia, I went there with a project, an online course, and I wanted to hire people because I knew it was a great place to hire people. But I find the idea of having a project gets you engaged.

Interviewer: What pluses have you got then?

Todd: It helps me to get engaged. Those kinds of projects I think are really useful for the slow travel concept. And they're a unique opportunity because if you’re a tourist, you don’t have time to set up a business or to learn the language and that’s the unique opportunity for the slow traveller.

Interviewer: Todd, it's been a fascinating conversation. Thank you for joining us here.

Presenter: Hello, and welcome to our weekly programme “Science Today”! I’m joined here at the studio by a brilliant young inventor, Alexis Lewis. Hi, Alexis!

Alexis: Hello, Sarah! It’s so great to be here!

Presenter: First of all, a bit of a personal question — how old are you?

Alexis: I’m fifteen.

Presenter: And at fifteen, you already have a few patented inventions, right?

Alexis: Yes, that’s right.

Presenter: Can you tell us a little bit about the environment you grew up in and how that’s impacted you as an inventor?

Alexis: My mom would always read to the family about various world issues. When Hurricane Katrina hit, I was just five years old, but we learned all about that — what a hurricane was, how it worked, the effects of Hurricane Katrina itself, what they were doing to help clear out floodwaters, all sorts of fascinating stuff. Being homeschooled, I had a lot of free time in which I was encouraged to basically go and do and build almost anything I wanted. I had access to videos on any subject, so I got to learn about the science of everything, and I read voraciously. I think having those channels of knowledge open to me was completely invaluable.

Presenter: Do you think you have some advantages as an inventor given the fact that you’ve started young?

Alexis: I don’t mean to put adults down, but when you’ve grown up and you’ve seen the world for a long time, you think things can only be one way. I’d say that starting young has had an advantage in that I have the ability to look at something and not think, “oh, this is a problem that can’t be solved,” but instead think maybe we’ve been looking at it just a little bit wrong. Kids, since they haven’t been told this is something that would never work over and over, have the ability to do that.

Presenter: Why should more people invent?

Alexis: I think not only it is important to tell people that they can invent but it is important also to tell them that they should be inventing because they have their own unique perspective on the world. Everybody lives a different life, and I think everybody has a slightly different take on each problem. And I think if we all work together we can solve a tremendous number of problems.

Presenter: What motivates you to invent?

Alexis: My inventions are motivated by one of two things usually. One, it’s a humanitarian issue, basically people who aren’t getting the help they need, people who are dying unnecessarily when they could be saved. Another reason that I often invent is that I’ll get myself absolutely buried in a piece of physics, just learning about it obsessively. Then, I start to realize that there are little things that can be done to make technologies revolving around it a little bit more efficient here, a little bit more effective there.

Presenter: What is “Inventing 101”? Where did the idea come from, and why is it important to you?

Alexis: It’s a class I hope to have administered to middle school students across the country that would basically tell them that they are capable of inventing. It would show them kids who have already invented. If people aren’t told when they’re young that they can invent, it’s going to be much harder to convince them that they can. I had this idea when I was looking back at the stuff I had done, at my inventions and realizing that these are some very simple designs that anyone can do. People are stunned when they hear what I’ve done. But these are things that I know for a fact a lot of people can do. So I thought there’s got to be some way to awaken that self-confidence in people to enable them to do that.

Presenter: Sounds incredible! Thank you so much for your valuable insights.

Presenter: Hello, everyone, and welcome to our channel! I’m Jane Leslie, joined here by the world-famous singer Ed Sheeran. Ed, it’s lovely to have you here!

Ed: Hello, Jane! It’s nice to see you as usual.

Presenter: Ed, you have been on a global tour for quite a long time already. Now that you’ve been all over the world — what is your favourite place?

Ed: It’s very easy — Suffolk.

Presenter: Wow, really? Your hometown?

Ed: You might be surprised but it’s really my favourite place on Earth. Suffolk is love for me. This is where I always come back after difficult tours. I don’t know if you’ve heard about this, but I suffer from claustrophobia — I really hate small, crowded places, which is why my Suffolk house is so huge. More like a castle, actually.

Presenter: Oh, so sorry to hear that, Ed. It must be difficult to play concerts with claustrophobia, right?

Ed: It was really difficult when I just started out as a musician, but I got used to it with time and age, I guess.

Presenter: Is it true that you were going to quit being a musician? Why?

Ed: This is true! I absolutely considered quitting when my daughter Lyra was born. It was in 2020, right in the middle of the pandemic, when we were all stuck at home trying to avoid getting sick. I really wanted to cherish this opportunity to be with my family, so I actually didn’t sing or write any new songs for months. I think I didn’t even pick up my guitar!

Presenter: How did you change your mind, then?

Ed: To be honest, after four months I realized that I was feeling completely miserable. I understood that I wanted my daughter to have a mom and a dad who really love their jobs and are good at what they do. This inspired me to stop procrastinating and get back to making music. However, the 2022 tour was my last one where I was doing stadiums. I’m thirty years old now, and twenty years from now I don’t want to regret spending too little time with my family because of my work.

Presenter: Do you have any friends in the industry? Let’s say, other famous singers or musicians?

Ed: Sure! For example, the rapper Stormzy is a true friend. Even if we hadn’t made music together we would still be mates. Same with Taylor Swift. You probably know that Taylor and I have had a ten-year friendship now, and we’ve seen one another evolve as people and artists. I thought what she did with the two albums she put out during the pandemic is how albums will be released in the future. It’s how I’d like to do it.

Presenter: How do you feel about criticism of your work?

Ed: I’ll be honest, it can get under your skin sometimes. I might feel really self-conscious. It’s especially hard when there’s hate aimed at you. When I just got famous, I remember feeling completely lonely and miserable. My songs were really popular, I was surrounded by famous people, I was in New York — and still I felt awful, as if nobody loved me at all.

Presenter: That sure sounds tough. So how do you deal with these feelings?

Ed: I just work more. After all, I’m not doing it to please anyone else — I want to be happy with the end result myself. It really helps getting together with other musicians, just jamming together, basically. You really don’t care about anything else when you’re lost inside the music.

Presenter: I know that all artists hate that question, but what are your plans now? Any future projects?

Ed: You know, over the past few years I’ve written about two hundred songs, and only now I feel like I’m ready to release an album. I’m actually working on that in the studio right now.

Presenter: Thanks, Ed! It’s been a pleasure talking to you. Good luck!